New York City is the largest city in the United States and one of the
world's major global cities. Located in the state of New York, the city has a
population of over 8.1 million[1]
within an area of 469 square miles (1214 km²),[2]
making it the most densely populated city in North America. Its metropolitan
area has a population of 18.7 million and is one of the largest urban areas in
the world.[3]
New York City is an international center for business, finance, fashion,
medicine, entertainment, media and culture, with an extraordinary collection of
museums, galleries, performance venues (most notably Broadway theatre), media
outlets, international corporations, and financial markets. With nearly every
language in the world spoken in the city, its ethnic and linguistic diversity
matches its cultural diversity. The city is also home to the headquarters of the
United Nations, adding to its cosmopolitan atmosphere, and to some of the
world's most famous skyscrapers.
Popularly known as the "Big Apple" or the "Capital of the World,"
the city attracts large numbers of immigrants—over one-third of its population
is foreign-born—as well as people from all over the United States who come for
its culture, diversity, fast-paced lifestyle, cosmopolitanism, and economic
opportunity.
History
The region was inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans at the time of its
discovery by Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano. Although Verrazzano sailed into New
York Harbor, his voyage did not continue upstream and instead he sailed back
into the Atlantic. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman
who worked for the Dutch East India Company, that the area was mapped. He
discovered Manhattan on September 11, 1609, and continued up the river that
bears his name, the Hudson River, until he arrived at the site where New York
State's capital city, Albany, now stands. The Dutch established New Amsterdam in
1613, which was granted self-government in 1652 under Peter Stuyvesant. The
British took the city in September 1664, and renamed it "New York" after the
English Duke of York and Albany. The Dutch briefly regained it in August 1673,
renaming the city "New Orange," but ceded it permanently in November 1674.
Under British rule the City of New York continued to develop, and while there
was growing sentiment in the city for greater political independence, the area
was decidedly split in its loyalties during the New York Campaign, a series of
major early battles during the American Revolutionary War. The city was under
British occupation until the end of the war, and was the last port British ships
evacuated in 1783.
New York City was the capital of the newly-formed United States from 1788 to
1790. In the 19th century, the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 enabled New
York to overtake Boston and Philadelphia in economic importance, and local
politics became dominated by a Democratic Party political machine known as
Tammany Hall that drew on the support of Irish immigrants. In later years, known
as the Gilded Age, the city's upper classes enjoyed great prosperity amid the
further growth of a poor immigrant working class. It was also an era associated
with economic and municipal integration, culminating in the consolidation of the
five boroughs in 1898.[4]
A series of new transportation links, most notably the opening of the New
York City Subway in 1904, bound together the newly-enlarged city. The height of
European immigration brought social upheaval, and the anticapitalist labor union
IWW was fiercely repressed. Later, in the 1920s, the city saw the influx of
African-Americans as part of the Great Migration from the American South. The
Harlem Renaissance blossomed during this period, part of a larger boom in the
Prohibition era that saw the city's skyline transformed by construction the
skyscrapers that have come to define New York. New York overtook London as the
most populous city in the world in 1925, ending that city's century-old claim to
the title.
New York City suffered during the Great Depression, which saw the end of
Tammany Hall's eighty years of political dominance with the 1934 election of
reformist mayor Fiorello LaGuardia. The city's government and infrastructure
underwent a dramatic overhaul under LaGuardia and his controversial parks
commisioner Robert Moses.
New York City played a major role in World War II as a port and a center of
finance and industry. It emerged from the war as the unquestioned leading city
of the world, with Wall Street leading America's emergence as the world's
dominant economic power, the United Nations headquarters (built in 1952)
emphasizing its political influence, and the rise of Abstract Expressionism
displacing Paris as center of the art world.[5]
However, the growth of post-war suburbs saw a slow decline in the city's
population. A decline in manufacturing, rising crime rates and white flight
pushed New York into a social and economic crisis in the 1970s.
[citation needed] These problems plagued the city until the 1990s.
Racial tensions calmed in these years; a dramatic fall in crime rates,
improvements in quality of life, economic growth and new immigration renewed the
city.
The city was one of the sites of the September 11, 2001 attacks, when nearly
3,000 people were killed in the destruction of the city's tallest buildings, the
World Trade Center. The Freedom Tower, intended to be exactly 1,776 feet tall (a
number symbolic of the year the Declaration of Independence was written), is to
be built on the site and is slated for completion by 2010.[6]
Geography
New York City is located at the center of the BosWash megalopolis, 218 miles
(350 km) driving distance from Boston and 220 miles (353 km) from Washington,
D.C. The city's total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214.4 km²), of which 35.31%
is water.[2] The city is situated
on the three major islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and western Long Island.
The Bronx is the only borough that is part of the mainland United States.
New York City's significance as a trading city results from the natural
harbor formed by Upper New York Bay, which is surrounded by Manhattan, Brooklyn,
Staten Island, and the coast of New Jersey. It is sheltered from the Atlantic
Ocean by the Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island in Lower New York Bay.
The Hudson River flows from the Hudson Valley into New York Bay, becoming a
tidal estuary that separates the Bronx and Manhattan from New Jersey. The East
River, actually a tidal strait, stretches from the Long Island Sound to New York
Bay, separating the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River,
another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates Manhattan
from the Bronx.
The city's land has been altered considerably by human intervention, with
substantial land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times.
Reclamation is most notable in Lower Manhattan with modern developments like
Battery Park City. Much of the natural variations in topography have been evened
out, particularly in Manhattan. One possible meaning for "Manhattan" is "island
of hills"; in fact, the island was quite hilly before European settlement.[7]
Boroughs
New York City, officially the "City of New York", is comprised of the
Five Boroughs. Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct
neighborhoods, many with a definable history and character all their own. If the
boroughs were independent cities, each would be among the 50 most populous
cities in the United States.
Manhattan (New York County, pop. 1,593,200[1])
is the business center of the city, and the most superlatively urban of the
boroughs. It is the most densely populated, and the home of most of the city's
skyscrapers. It is loosely divided into downtown, midtown, and uptown regions.
The Bronx (Bronx County, pop. 1,357,589[1])
is known as the birthplace of hip hop culture[8],
as well as the home of the New York Yankees and the largest cooperatively owned
housing complex in the United States, Co-op City. Excluding its minor islands,
the Bronx is the only borough of the city that is on the mainland of the United
States.
Brooklyn (Kings County, pop. 2,486,235[1]),
the most populous borough, was until 1898 an independent city and has a strong
native identity. It ranges from a modern business district downtown to large
historic residential neighborhoods in the central and south-eastern areas. It
also features a long beachfront and Coney Island, famous as one of the earliest
amusement grounds in the country.
Queens (Queens County, pop. 2,241,600[1])
is geographically the largest borough and, according to the US census, the most
ethnically diverse county in the United States.[9]
Prior to consolidation with New York City it was composed of small towns and
villages founded by the Dutch. It is home to the New York Mets, two of the
region's three major airports, and Flushing Meadows Corona Park, site of the
1939 and 1964 World's Fairs.
Staten Island (Richmond County, pop. 464,573[1])
is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs, but has gradually
integrated with the rest of the city since the opening of the Verrazano-Narrows
Bridge in 1964, an event that caused controversy and even an attempt at
secession. Until 2001, Staten Island was the home of the infamous Fresh Kills
Landfill, formerly the largest landfill in the world, and now being
reconstructed as one of the largest urban parks in the United States.
Climate
Although located at a more southern latitude than Italian Tuscany or the
French Riviera, New York has a humid continental climate resulting from
prevailing wind patterns that bring cool air from the interior of the North
American continent. New York winters are typically cold but somewhat milder than
those of inland cities at a similar latitude in the Eastern and Midwestern
United States. Snowfall varies from year to year, usually averaging about 2 ft
(60 cm) in total. Rain is more common than snow in the winter, because the
Atlantic Ocean helps keep temperatures warmer than in the interior Northeast.
|
Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
|
Avg high °F (°C) |
38
(3) |
40
(4) |
50
(10) |
61
(15) |
72
(22) |
80
(27) |
85
(30) |
84
(29) |
76
(24) |
65
(18) |
54
(12) |
42
(6) |
62
(17) |
|
Avg low temperature °F (°C) |
25
(-4) |
27
(-3) |
35
(2) |
44
(7) |
54
(12) |
63
(17) |
68
(20) |
67
(19) |
60
(16) |
50
(10) |
41
(5) |
31
(-1) |
47
(8) |
|
Rainfall in. (mm) |
3.4
(86) |
3.3
(84) |
3.9
(99) |
4.0
(102) |
4.4
(112) |
3.7
(95) |
4.4
(112) |
4.1
(104) |
3.9
(99) |
3.6
(91) |
4.5
(127) |
3.9
(99) |
46.7
(1124) |
| Source:
Weatherbase |
Environment
New York's population density has environmental benefits and dangers. It
facilitates the highest mass transit use in the United States, but also
concentrates pollution. Although gasoline consumption in the city is at the rate
the national average was in the 1920s,[10]
New York City has some of the dirtiest air in the United States. Pollution
varies greatly from borough to borough, and residents of Manhattan face the
highest risk in the country of developing cancer from chemicals in the air.[11]
Recently, the city has focused on reducing its environmental impact. The city
government is required to purchase only the most energy-efficient equipment for
use in city offices and public housing.[12]
New York has the largest clean-air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus
fleet in the country, and some of the first hybrid taxis.[13]
The city is also a leader in energy-efficient "green" office buildings, such as
Hearst Tower and 7 World Trade Center.[14]
The city is supplied with water by the vast Catskill Mountains watershed, one
of the largest protected wilderness areas in the United States. As a result of
the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration process, New
York is one of the few cities in the United States with drinking water that does
not require purification by water treatment plants, and only chlorination is
necessary to ensure its purity at the tap.[15]
Government
Since its consolidation in 1898, New York City has been a metropolitan
municipality with a "strong" mayor-council form of government. The mayor and
councillors are elected to four-year terms. The New York City Council is a
unicameral body consisting of 51 Council members whose districts are defined by
geographic population boundaries. The mayor and councilors are limited to two
four-year terms.
The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. 66% of registered
voters in the city are Democrats.[16]
Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic
development. Labor politics are important in the city. The city, however, is the
most important source of political fundraising in the United States. Four of the
top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan.
The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the
2004 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and John Kerry.[17]
The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state
governments. New York City receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends
to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it
receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to
the state of New York than it receives back.[18]
The mayor is Michael Bloomberg, a former Democrat elected as a Republican in
2001 and re-elected in 2005 with 59% of the vote.[19]
He is known for taking control of the city's education system from the state,
rezoning and economic development, sound fiscal management, and aggressive
public health policy. In his second term he has made school reform and strict
gun control central priorities of his administration.
As the host of the United Nations, New York City is also home to the world's
largest international consular corps, comprising 105 consulates, consulates
general and honorary consulates.[20]
Economy
New York City is a major center for international business and commerce and
is one of three "command centers" for the global economy (along with Tokyo and
London).[21] The city is widely
regarded as a financial capital of the world and is a major center for finance,
insurance, real estate, media and the arts in the United States. Other important
sectors include the city's television and film industry, second largest in the
country after Hollywood; medical research and technology; non-profit
institutions and universities; and fashion.
The New York metropolitan area had an estimated gross metropolitan product of
$901.3 billion in 2004, larger than the GDP of India and slightly less than that
of Canada. The city's economy accounts for the majority of the economic activity
in the states of New Jersey and New York.[22]
The city's stock exchanges are among the most important in the world. The New
York Stock Exchange is the world's largest stock exchange by dollar volume,
while the NASDAQ is the world's largest by number of listings. Many major
corporations have headquarters in New York, including more Fortune 500 companies
than any other city.[23] New York is
unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One
out of every ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.[24]
Creative industries, like new media, advertising, design and architecture
account for a growing share of employment. High-tech industries like software
development, game design, and Internet services are also growing; because of its
position at the terminus of the transatlantic fiber optic trunk line New York
City is the leading Internet gateway in the United States.[25]
Manufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment.
Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of
the principal products.[26]
International shipping has always been a major part of the city's economy due to
New York's natural harbor, but with the advent of containerization most cargo
shipping has moved from the Brooklyn waterfront across the harbor to the Port
Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in New Jersey. Some cargo shipping remains; for
example, Brooklyn still handles the majority of cocoa bean imports to the United
States.[27]
Demographics
| 2000 Census |
NY City |
| Total population |
8,008,278 |
| Population, percent change, 1990 to 2000 |
+9.4% |
| Population density |
26,403/mi² |
| Median household income (1999) |
$38,293 |
| Per capita income |
$22,402 |
| Bachelor's degree or higher |
27% |
| Foreign born |
36% |
| White |
45% |
| Black |
27% |
| Hispanic (any race) |
27% |
| Asian |
10% |
According to 2005 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, there are 8,143,197 people
(up from 7.3 million in 1990), 2,984,544 households, and 1,802,009 families
residing in the city.[1] This
amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of
the metropolitan regional population. Over the last decade the city has been
growing rapidly. Demographers estimate New York's population will reach 9.4
million by 2025.
The two key demographic features of the city are its density and diversity.
The city has an extremely high population density of 26,402.9/mi²
(10,194.2/km²), about 10,000 more people per square mile than the next densest
American city, San Francisco. Manhattan's population density is 66,940.1/mi²
(25,845.7/km²).[29]
New York City is exceptionally diverse. Throughout its history the city has
been a major point of entry for immigrants; the term "melting pot" was first
coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East
Side, and according to some estimates as many as one in four Americans can trace
their roots to Brooklyn. In 2000, 36% of the city's population was foreign-born.
Among American cities this proportion was higher only in Los Angeles and Miami.[29]
While the immigrant communities in those cities are dominated by a few
nationalities, such as Mexicans or Cubans, in New York no single country or
region of origin dominates. The four largest countries of origin are the
Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, and Russia.
The city and its metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish community
outside Israel. It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's
Indian-Americans, and the largest African American community of any city in the
country. The Irish also have a notable presence; according to a 2006 genetic
survey by Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, about one in 50 New Yorkers of
European origin carry a distinctive genetic signature on their Y chromosomes
inherited from Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish high king of the fifth
century A.D.[30] New York City has
long had a large gay community, estimated to be between 360,000 and 500,000
people.[31]
Since 1991, New York City has seen a continuous fifteen-year trend of
decreasing crime; it is now the safest city in the United States with a
population greater than 1,000,000 and the fourth safest among cities with
populations over 500,000.[32] In 2004
New York City had a rate of 2,800 crimes per 100,000, compared with 8,959.7 in
Dallas; 7,903.7 in Detroit; and 7,402.3 in Phoenix. While many credit the
continuous drop in crime to innovations implemented by the NYPD in the 1990s,
such as CompStat, economist Steven Levitt and others have pointed instead to
broader social and economic trends.
Culture
Writer Tom Wolfe said of New York that "Culture just seems to be in the air,
like part of the weather." Many major American cultural movements began in the
city. The Harlem Renaissance established the African-American literary canon in
the United States. The city was the epicenter of jazz in the 1940s, abstract
expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. Punk
rock developed in the 1970s and 1980s, and the city has also been a flourishing
scene for Jewish American literature.
Wealthy industrialists in the 19th century built a network of major cultural
institutions, such as Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, that
became internationally established. Artists are drawn to the city by
opportunity, as well; there are 2,000 arts and cultural non-profits and 500 art
galleries of all sizes, and the city government funds the arts with a larger
annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts.[33]
The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theatre productions, and in
the 1880s New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began
showcasing a new stage form that came to be known as the Broadway musical.
Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, these productions used song in
narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. Today these
productions are a mainstay of the New York theatre scene. The city's 39 largest
theatres (with more than 500 seats) are collectively known as "Broadway," after
the major thoroughfare through the Times Square theatre district.
The Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, which includes Jazz at Lincoln
Center, the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Opera, the New York
Philharmonic and the New York City Ballet, is the largest performing arts center
in the United States.
Tourism
40 million foreign and American tourists visit New York City each year.[34]
Major destinations include the Empire State Building, Broadway productions,
scores of museums from the El Museo del Barrio to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space
Museum, the Bronx Zoo and New York Botanical Garden, luxury shopping along Fifth
and Madison Avenues, and events like the Halloween Parade in the East Village
and the Tribeca Film Festival. Many of the city's ethnic enclaves, such as
Jackson Heights, Flushing, and Brighton Beach are major shopping destinations
for first and second generation Americans up and down the East Coast.
New York City has 28,000 acres (113 km²) of parkland and 14 miles (22 km) of
public beaches. Manhattan's Central Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and
Calvert Vaux, is the most visited city park in the United States.[35]
Prospect Park in Brooklyn, also designed by Olmsted and Vaux, has a 90 acre
(360,000 m²) meadow. Flushing Meadows Park, the city's third largest, was the
setting for the 1939 and 1964 World's Fair in Queens.
New York's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number
of dining patrons, is diverse. Jewish and Italian immigrants made the city
famous for bagels and New York style pizza. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors
licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made falafels and kebabs
standbys of contemporary New York street food. The city is also home to many of
the finest haute cuisine restaurants in the United States.[36]
Sports
New York is home to teams in each of the major American professional sports
leagues. Baseball is the city's most closely followed sport. There have been
fourteen World Series championship series between New York City teams; such
matchups are called Subway Series. The city's two Major League Baseball teams
are the New York Yankees and the New York Mets, which enjoy a fierce rivalry.
In American football the city's teams are the New York Giants and New York
Jets, who share a stadium outside the city limits in East Rutherford, New
Jersey. The New York Rangers represent the city in ice hockey. The National
Hockey League is headquartered in Manhattan.
The first national college-level basketball championship, the National
Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The
New York Knicks are the city's National Basketball Association team.
As a global city, New York supports many events outside the big four American
sports. Examples are the U.S. Tennis Open, the New York City Marathon, and many
amateur leagues in sports such as soccer, cricket and stickball. The New York
Cosmos (1971-1985) was a former franchise in the North American Soccer League,
renowned for signing the great Brazilian player Pelé. Red Bull New York,
formerly known as the MetroStars, is a professional soccer club based in New
Jersey that participates in Major League Soccer.
Media
New York is often called "the media capital of the world". It is home several
of the largest media conglomerates in the world, including Time Warner, News
Corporation, the Hearst Corporation, and Viacom. Three of the "Big Four" record
labels have their headquarters in the city. One-third of all independent films
in the world are produced in New York. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer
magazines have an office in the city. The book-publishing industry alone employs
about 13,000 people.[38]
The city is home to two of the three national daily newspapers in the United
States: The New York Times (circulation 1.1 million), and the The Wall
Street Journal (circulation 2.1 million). Aside from the Times, the other
leading papers are New York Daily News (circulation 730,000), and the
New York Post (circulation 650,000), which was founded in 1801 by Alexander
Hamilton. The city also has a large ethnic press with newspapers in over twenty
languages; El Diario La Prensa (circulation 265,000) is New York's
largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.[39]
New York City is the nation's largest metropolitan media market, comprising
about 7% of American television-viewing households. The city is the national
headquarters of the four major American broadcast television networks, ABC, CBS,
FOX and NBC. It is also the home of many large cable television channels,
including MTV, Fox News, HBO and Comedy Central. In 2005 there were more than
100 television shows taped in New York City.[40]
Radio broadcasting in the city is equally varied. Presently the city is home to
shock jocks Howard Stern and Opie and Anthony, conservative talk hosts Sean
Hannity and Rush Limbaugh, and the Sirius Satellite Radio network. WQHT ("Hot
97"), claims to be the nation's premier hip-hop station, while the morning radio
program El Vacilón de la Mañana on WSKQ is the highest-rated
Spanish-language radio show in the United States.
Public access television got its start in New York, and WNET, the city's
major public television station, is a primary national provider of PBS
programming. WNYC is the most listened-to public radio station in the United
States.[41]
New York City is also the home of NY1, a 24-hour news channel owned by Time
Warner and broadcast on Time Warner Cable and Cablevision.
Architecture
The skyline of New York is one of the most recognizable in the world. New
York actually has three separately recognizable skylines: Midtown Manhattan,
Lower Manhattan, and Downtown Brooklyn. New York City has architecturally
important buildings in a variety of styles, including French Second Empire (The
Kings County Savings Bank Building), gothic revival (the Woolworth Building),
Art Deco (the Empire State Building and Chrysler Building), international style
(the New School, Seagram Building and Lever House), and post-modern (the AT&T
Building). The Condé Nast Building is an important example of green design in
American skyscrapers.[14]
The residential parts of the city have a distinctive character from the
skyscrapers of the commercial cores that is defined by the elegant brownstone
rowhouses and apartment buildings which were built during the city's rapid
expansion from 1870–1930. Stone and brick became the city's building materials
of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the
aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. Unlike Paris, which for centuries was built
from its own limestone bedrock, New York has always drawn its building stone
from a far-flung network of quarries and its stone buildings have a variety of
textures and hues.[42]
Nasa Public Domain |
|
Satellite Image of New York
The
Island of Manhattan juts southward from top centre, bordered by the Hudson River
to the west and the East River to the east (north is straight up in this scene.)
In the middle of Manhattan, Central Park appears as a long green rectangle
running roughly north-south with a large lake in the middle. Also visible are
parts of Staten Island (bottom left corner) and Long Island (lower right). |
Transportation
New York City is home to the most complex and extensive transportation
network in the United States, with more than 12,000 iconic yellow cabs,[43]
120,000 daily bicyclists,[44] subway,
bus and railroad systems, immense airports, landmark bridges and tunnels, ferry
service and even an aerial commuter tramway. While nearly 90% of Americans drive
to their jobs, only about 30% of New Yorkers do; about one in every three users
of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders
live in New York and its suburbs.[45][46]
Data from the 2000 U.S. Census reveals that New York City is the only major city
in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car
(the figure is even higher in Manhattan, over 75%; nationally, the rate is 8%).[29][46]
New York's high rate of public transit use and its pedestrian-friendly character
makes it one of the most energy-efficient cities in the country. A study by the
environmental organization SustainLane found New York to be the city in the
United States best able to endure an oil crisis with an extended gasoline price
shock in the range of US$3 to US$8 per gallon.[47]
The New York City Subway is the largest subway system in the world when
measured by track mileage (656 miles or 1,056 km of mainline track) and the
world's fifth largest when measured by annual ridership (1.4 billion passenger
trips in 2004). New York City's public bus fleet and vast commuter rail network
are the largest in North America. The rail network, which connects the suburbs
in the tri-state region to the city, has more than 250 stations and 20 rail
lines.[48] The commuter rail system
converges at the two busiest rail stations in the United States, Penn Station
and Grand Central Terminal, both in Manhattan.[49]
Long-haul buses depart from the Port Authority Bus Terminal, the nation's
busiest bus station.[50]
Three major airports serve New York City and its surrounding suburbs: John F.
Kennedy International Airport (JFK) and LaGuardia Airport, both in Queens, and
Newark Liberty International Airport in nearby Newark, New Jersey. About 100
million travelers used these New York-area airports in 2005 as the metropolitan
region surpassed Chicago to become the busiest air gateway in the nation.[51]
Education
Education in New York City is provided by a vast number of public and private
institutions. The city's public school system, the New York City Department of
Education, is the largest in the United States, and New York is home to some of
the most important libraries, universities, and research centers in the world.
The city is particularly known as a center for research in medicine and the life
sciences.
New York has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in
the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with
roots in local institutions. The city receives the second-highest amount of
annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among all U.S. cities.[52]
It also struggles with disparity in its public school system, with some of the
best and worst performing public schools in the United States. Under Mayor
Michael Bloomberg the city has embarked on major school reform efforts.
The City University of New York is the third-largest public university system
in the United States. Columbia University is an Ivy League university
established in 1754, and New York University is the largest private, non-profit
university in the United States.
The New York Public Library is one of the largest public library systems in
the United States. Its Library for the Humanities research center has 39 million
items in its collection, among them the first five folios of Shakespeare's
plays, ancient Torah scrolls, and Alexander Hamilton's handwritten draft of the
United States Constitution.
Further reading
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Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace (1998), Gotham: A History of New York
City to 1898, Oxford University Press.
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Anthony Burgess (1976). New York, Little, Brown & Co.
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Federal Writers Project (1939). The WPA Guide to New York City, The
New Press (1995 reissue).
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Kenneth T. Jackson (ed.) (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City,
Yale University Press.
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Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar (eds.) (2005), Empire City: New
York Through the Centuries, Columbia University Press.
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E. B. White (1949). Here is New York, Little Bookroom (2000 reissue).
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Colson Whitehead (2003). The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts,
Doubleday.
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E. Porter Belden (1849). New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising
a History of the City of New York, a Description of its Present Condition, and
an Estimate of its Future Increase, New York, G.P. Putnam. from Google Books
Wiki Source
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Comments |
New York city is the city of good architecture, good locations
and a multi-cultured city. Yes I like to visit New York city. I haven't visited
the city other then these photos provided by you.
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yeh man its a great city I would like to visited at least once
in my life. Salim N.Doctor |
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iya xxxxxxxxxxxx |
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i went and im going again. It is great innit. |
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am government officer, I want to visit there |
